This lab serves multiple goals:

• To teach you how a static class differs from a non-static one,
• To illustrate the usefulness of static classes,
• To teach you how a non-static class can manipulate static fields.

Static Classes — Warm-Up {#static-classes-warm-up}

One use case for static classes is creating utility classes (or “helper classes”) that contain related and frequently-used methods Using a static class makes those methods easily callable anywhere in the program. Some examples of static classes in C# are the Math and Console classes.

Pay attention to how these classes are used:

• A Console object is never instantiated before use.

• The WriteLine method is called referring to the name of the class (not an object identifier):

  Console.WriteLine("calling a static method");

Static Calculator

In your IDE create a new project. Then add a new class file called Calculator.cs

In Calculator.cs:

1. Declare a static class and name it Calculator.
2. Add 5 public methods to the Calculator class. Each method takes 2 arguments x and y of type double:
   1. Add method that returns the result of x + y.
   2. Subtract method that returns the result of x - y.
   3. Multiply method that returns the result of x * y.
   4. Divide method that returns the result of x / y.
   5. Modulo method that returns the result of x % y.

After implementing Calculator,

1. Open the file that contains the program’s Main method

2. Paste the following code inside the Main method:

   double x = 10d, y = 2d;
    
   Console.WriteLine($"{x} + {y} = {Calculator.Add(x, y)}");
   Console.WriteLine($"{x} - {y} = {Calculator.Subtract(x, y)}");
   Console.WriteLine($"{x} * {y} = {Calculator.Multiply(x, y)}");
   Console.WriteLine($"{x} / {y} = {Calculator.Divide(x, y)}");
   Console.WriteLine($"{x} % {y} = {Calculator.Modulo(x, y)}");

   Again, notice how

   • no instance of Calculator is created before use, and
   • each Calculator method is called referring to the name of the class.

3. Execute the program

   • If your implementation of the Calculator class matches the instructions, you will see meaningful output after executing the program.
   • Otherwise, review the instructions again and retrace your implementation steps to resolve any issues.

Static Members in a Non-static Class

A non-static class can contain both static and non-static class members.

Download, extract, and study this project implementation, but do not execute it. After reading through the implementation, answer the questions below.

1. How many non-static attributes does the Student class have?

2. How many static attributes does the Student class have?

3. How many non-static methods does the Student class have?

4. How many static methods does the Student class have?

5. What is the output of each of the following lines in “Program.cs”:

   1. Console.WriteLine(alice);
   2. Student.DisplayStudentCount(); // first time
   3. Console.WriteLine(bob);
   4. Student.DisplayStudentCount(); // second time

6. If the studentCount attribute was not static, what would be the output of:

   1. Student.DisplayStudentCount(); // first time
   2. Student.DisplayStudentCount(); // second time

7. When a class contains both static and non-static members, is it possible to refer to non-static members inside a static method? For example, if we try to refer to the name attribute inside DisplayStudentCount, will it work? Why or why not?

Check your answers by creating a matching program in your IDE and executing it.

To check the last question, in Student.cs, uncomment the following line and verify its behavior matches your answer:

// Console.WriteLine(name);